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Garbled text equally a result of incorrect character encoding

Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the upshot of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.^[1] The issue is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, oft from a different writing system.

This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement tin can too involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in ane encoding, when the same binary lawmaking constitutes ane symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European 8-bit encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different result that is non to be dislocated with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the lawmaking point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement grapheme. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct fault handling by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The word is equanimous of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "character" and 化け (broil, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence betwixt the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must exist preserved. As mojibake is the case of non-compliance between these, it can be accomplished by manipulating the data itself, or just relabeling it.

Mojibake is oft seen with text data that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; information technology may not even be tagged at all, but moved between computers with unlike default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the information.

The differing default settings between computers are in role due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for dissimilar writing systems of human being languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,^[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-sixteen, and sometimes uses 8-flake lawmaking pages for text files in unlike languages.^{[ dubious – discuss ]}

For some writing systems, an instance beingness Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. As a Japanese example, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored equally EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-8 is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted every bit Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the aforementioned UTF-8 text appears every bit "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-ane encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for instance) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as existence in a GBK (Mainland Prc) locale.

Mojibake example

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted equally ISO-8859-1 encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is non specified, it is upward to the software to decide it by other means. Depending on the blazon of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are decumbent to mis-prediction in non-so-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's linguistic communication, brand of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come up from a computer with a dissimilar setting, or fifty-fifty from a differently localized software within the same system. For Unicode, one solution is to apply a byte lodge mark, but for source code and other motorcar readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding every bit metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes tin can store this as user.charset.^[3] This also requires support in software that wants to have reward of it, just does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to notice, in item UTF-8, at that place are many that are difficult to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is non assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; run across character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake as well occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora e-mail client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-ane that were in reality Windows-1252.^[4] The Mac OS version of Eudora did non exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the near frequently seen beingness curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this specially affected software running under other operating systems such as Unix.

Man ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings however in utilise, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII equally the predominant common subset. This sets the stage for man ignorance:

• Compatibility tin can exist a deceptive belongings, equally the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of two encodings (encounter Problems in different writing systems).
• People call back they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatsoever superset of ASCII they actually use as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, simply even in academic literature, the word "ASCII" can be establish used as an example of something non uniform with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-eight.^[1] Note that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least sure data may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a spider web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character fix may be communicated to the client in whatsoever number of three ways:

• in the HTTP header. This information tin be based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off deejay) or controlled past the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, equally an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding aspect of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to salvage the particular file in.
• in the file, as a byte guild mark. This is the encoding that the writer's editor actually saved it in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in one encoding and saving it in some other), this volition exist correct. Information technology is, however, but bachelor in Unicode encodings such as UTF-8 or UTF-16.

Lack of hardware or software back up [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to back up merely ane character set and the character set typically cannot be contradistinct. The grapheme tabular array contained within the display firmware will be localized to have characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from country to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a different country. Too, many early operating systems practise not support multiple encoding formats and thus will stop up displaying mojibake if made to display non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm OS for example, are localized on a per-country basis and volition just support encoding standards relevant to the land the localized version will exist sold in, and volition brandish mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to back up is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-viii as a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability considering of its widespread use and backward compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-8 also has the power to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-viii up with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an example of mojibake varies depending on the awarding within which it occurs and the causes of it. 2 of the nearly common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and word processors. Mod browsers and discussion processors frequently support a broad array of character encodings. Browsers often let a user to alter their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while discussion processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. Information technology may take some trial and fault for users to discover the correct encoding.

The problem gets more complicated when it occurs in an application that normally does non back up a broad range of character encoding, such as in a not-Unicode computer game. In this example, the user must change the operating system'due south encoding settings to lucifer that of the game. All the same, irresolute the organization-wide encoding settings tin also cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or subsequently, a user also has the selection to apply Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Even so, changing the operating organisation encoding settings is non possible on earlier operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this upshot on earlier operating systems, a user would have to apply third party font rendering applications.

Problems in dissimilar writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), but rarely in graphic symbol text, since nigh encodings concur with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will announced as "£" if it was encoded by the sender equally UTF-viii but interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-one. If iterated using CP1252, this can atomic number 82 to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which acquired mismatch also for English language text. Commodore brand 8-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all letters. IBM mainframes apply the EBCDIC encoding which does non friction match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, High german, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faeroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish gaelic
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English

… and their upper-case letter counterparts, if applicable.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-i grapheme gear up (also known as Latin 1 or Western) has been in use. Yet, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the astern compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-xv. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, just otherwise any confusion of these three character sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is always safe to translate ISO-8859-i as Windows-1252, and fairly condom to translate it as ISO-8859-xv, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). Notwithstanding, with the advent of UTF-viii, mojibake has become more common in certain scenarios, e.yard. commutation of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8'southward incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-8 has the ability to exist directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-eight up with other encodings, so this was about mutual when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Most of these languages were supported past MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, then issues when buying an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are non compatible however.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German language, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is usually obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.g. the second alphabetic character in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This way, even though the reader has to estimate betwixt å, ä and ö, near all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding night") which can sometimes render text very difficult to read (e.g. hääyö appears as "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faroese take 10 and eight peradventure confounding characters, respectively, which thus can go far more hard to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") go virtually entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".

In High german, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an writer might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are not available. The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German linguistic communication sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may exist used jokingly. Nevertheless, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. Every bit an example, the Norwegian football thespian Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-8 misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1, "Ring 1000000 nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.^[5]

Examples

Swedish example:		Smörgås (open up sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-one	Sm"rg†s
ISO 8859-1	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-8	ISO 8859-ane	Smörgås
UTF-viii	Mac Roman	Smörgås

Central and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Fundamental and Eastern European languages can also be afflicted. Considering most computers were non connected to whatever network during the mid- to belatedly-1980s, there were different graphic symbol encodings for every linguistic communication with diacritical characters (come across ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), oftentimes also varying by operating system.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 character set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These ii characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in due east-post clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. Information technology is mutual to reply to an e-mail rendered unreadable (see examples below) by grapheme mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling automobile") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Effect	Occurrence
Hungarian case		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in ruddy are incorrect and exercise non match the elevation-left instance.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Fundamental European CP 852 encoding; still, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please notation that modest-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was made compatible with German language. Present occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-2	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains adequately well-readable even if the brandish or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, simply nowadays it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European 1. Merely ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, but the text is completely readable. This is the most common mistake nowadays; due to ignorance, information technology occurs oft on webpages or fifty-fifty in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ TšK™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t k"rfŁr˘g‚p	Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËGrand╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘm÷rf˙rˇgÚp	Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The apply of ű is correct.
Quoted-printable	7-scrap ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCThou=D6RF=DAR=D3Thou=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FC1000=F6rf=FAr=F3yard=E9p	Mainly caused by wrongly configured mail servers but may occur in SMS messages on some cell-phones likewise.
UTF-eight	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœKÖRFÚRÃ"KÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúróthouép	Mainly caused by wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (every bit the trouble remains curtained for English texts). In this example the actual (oftentimes generated) content is in UTF-8; however, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding.

Polish [edit]

Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-ii in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own graphic symbol encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Smooth characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware lawmaking pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.

The situation began to improve when, after pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Net standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, fifty-fifty today some users tend to refer to Smooth diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "niggling shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may be colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated past several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[six] The Soviet Wedlock and early on Russian federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Data Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-only 7-fleck KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters simply with loftier-bit set up octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth bit, which was considered as a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and and so passed through the high bit stripping process, terminate upwardly rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belorussian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the Due west, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian besides as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Folio 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding system. Failure to practise this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For case, attempting to view not-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists nigh entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of upper-case letter messages (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the aforementioned ASCII region, but KOI8 has upper-case letter letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the World wide web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, one tin can still come across HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, too every bit Unicode. (An estimated 1.7% of all spider web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[7]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given web page in its source,^[eight] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is oftentimes chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Unlike the former USSR, South Slavs never used something similar KOI8, and Code Folio 1251 was the ascendant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Case

Russian instance:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-1	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-1	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croation, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovenian add to the bones Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (only č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, by and large in strange names, every bit well). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while simply some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are there because of another languages.

Although Mojibake can occur with whatever of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, fifty-fifty nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed equally "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When bars to basic ASCII (most user names, for instance), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital letter forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements innovate ambiguities, then reconstructing the original from such a form is usually done manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is important because the English versions of the Windows operating arrangement are almost widespread, non localized ones.^{[ citation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented marketplace, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused by high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.^{[ citation needed ]}

The bulldoze to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now fifty-fifty Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of dissimilar quality. There are no common translations for the vast corporeality of figurer terminology originating in English. In the end, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some selection in a card is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who empathize English, too as those who are accustomed to English language terminology (who are most, because English terminology is also generally taught in schools considering of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of not-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is like to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English Windows let the code page to be inverse (older versions require special English versions with this support), just this setting can exist and often was incorrectly ready. For example, Windows 98 and Windows Me can exist set to most non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, simply merely at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This trouble is peculiarly acute in the example of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set up of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used considering of a lack of support in the figurer industry. For case, Microsoft Windows does not support information technology.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than one (typically 2) characters are corrupted at once, east.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed equally "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since messages unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two messages are combined, the mojibake as well seems more random (over fifty variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a pattern of particular word lengths, such as the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may exist misinterpreted.

Vietnamese [edit]

In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is chosen chữ ma , loạn mã tin can occur when computer effort to encode diacritic character divers in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-viii. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using cheap mobile phone.

Instance:		Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du)
Original encoding	Target encoding	Result
Windows-1258	UTF-8	Trăthousand năg trong cõi người ta
TCVN3	UTF-viii	Tr¨k due north¨m trong câi ngêi ta
VNI (Windows)	UTF-viii	Traêyard northwardaêm trong coõi ngöôøi ta

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the same miracle is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a detail problem in Japan due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Aslope Unicode encodings similar UTF-eight and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, as well equally being encountered past Japanese users, is besides often encountered past non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , significant 'chaotic lawmaking'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in 1 Chinese character encoding simply is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is often possible to ready the upshot by switching the character encoding without loss of information. The situation is complicated considering of the beingness of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the near common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward uniform versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters existence encoded using Japanese encoding.

It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed as	Upshot	Original text	Annotation
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The red character is non a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed equally characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical use in modern Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random mutual Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Easily identifiable considering of spaces between every several characters.

An additional trouble is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is mutual with rare or antiquated characters that are nonetheless used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'due south "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'due south "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[9]

Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine two existing, like characters; using a picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare graphic symbol in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.

Indic text [edit]

A similar outcome can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages every bit Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, fifty-fifty if the character ready employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may non be properly understood by a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the private letter forms are available.

One example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the grapheme analogous to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle slice meant to behave the Devanagari graphic symbol for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" graphic symbol followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable equally mojibake generated by a calculator not configured to display Indic text.^[x] The logo equally redesigned as of May 2010^[ref] has fixed these errors.

The idea of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to brandish Unicode codes. This font is dissimilar from Bone to Bone for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) beyond all operating systems. For example, the 'reph', the short form for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on peak of a plain letter. However, it is incorrect to become on elevation of some messages like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on top of these letters. By contrast, for similar sounds in mod languages which result from their specific rules, it is not put on pinnacle, such every bit the discussion करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem form of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.^[xi] But it happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long class both yield wrong shapes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were non officially supported past Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] Even so, various sites take made free-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[13] and the tardily arrival of Burmese language back up in computers,^{[14] [15]} much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font just was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.^[fifteen] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented equally specified in Unicode, simply others were not.^[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as ad hoc font encodings.^[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei only replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[14]

Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would return every bit garbled text. To get around this issue, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[18] Myanmar authorities has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Mean solar day" to officially switch to Unicode.^[xiii] The total transition is estimated to accept two years.^[19]

African languages [edit]

In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the congo, just these are non generally supported. Various other writing systems native to West Africa present similar problems, such as the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Standard arabic [edit]

Another affected language is Arabic (see below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
Arabic example:		(Universal Declaration of Man Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-8	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-5	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-6	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-ii	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article do not accept UTF-8 equally browser setting, because UTF-viii is hands recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and non try to interpret something else equally UTF-8.

Meet besides [edit]

• Code indicate
• Replacement character
• Substitute character
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line pause differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though most software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the divergence (due east.g. version control systems and information comparison tools) can get substantially more difficult to apply if not adhering to 1 convention.
• Byte guild mark – The most in-band way to store the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will by design be perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, generally optional, but required for certain characters to escape interpretation as markup.

  While failure to apply this transformation is a vulnerability (run into cantankerous-site scripting), applying information technology too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and and so on.

• Bush hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Rex, Ritchie (2012). "Volition unicode soon exist the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): 60. doi:x.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "curl -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved v October 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-xiii. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June 18, 2014. Retrieved June xix, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Command + Alt + Delete: A Lexicon of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN one-59921-039-8.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring grapheme encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "People's republic of china GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-x-01. Conversion map between Code page 936 and Unicode. Demand manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia'due south Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marāthi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches upwardly in Myanmar's digital earth". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. October. i is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will prefer the new system.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack 2, complex scripts were supported, which fabricated it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and later Zawgyi, confining the rendering problem by adding actress code points that were reserved for Myanmar'due south ethnic languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent time to come indigenous language support, it besides results in a typing organization that can exist confusing and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two about popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest market place share, which means they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (7 September 2019). "Unified nether 1 font system as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will ameliorate natural language processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Lawmaking: Zawgyi Projection . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Ofttimes Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. "UTF-8" technically does non utilise to advertisement hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'southward path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Applied science". Facebook Applied science. Facebook. Retrieved 25 Dec 2019. It makes communication on digital platforms difficult, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to better reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a unmarried mail service, not to mention English or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links [edit]

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